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Dry battery

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What is a dry battery?

A dry battery is a type of electric battery that is usually used for portable electric devices. Unlike wet cell batteries that have a liquid electrolyte, dry cells use electrolyte in the form of a paste and are therefore less prone to leakage.
The dry cell was developed in 1886 by the German scientist Carl Gessner, following the development of wet zinc-carbon batteries by Georges Leclerc in 1866. A type of dry cell was also developed by Sakizu Yai of Japan in 1887.

History

Many experimenters tried to immobilize the electrolyte of an electrochemical cell to make it easier to use. The Zamboni 1812 spark plug is a high voltage dry battery, but capable of carrying small currents. Various experiments were performed with cellulose, sawdust, irradiated glass, asbestos fibers and gelatin.
In 1886, Carl Gessner obtained a German patent (No. 37758) on a variant of the (wet) Leclanché cell, which became known as a dry battery due to the lack of a free liquid electrolyte. Instead, ammonium chloride was mixed with plaster of Paris to form a paste and a small amount of zinc chloride was added to prolong the life of the shell. The manganese dioxide cathode was immersed in this paste, and both were sealed in a zinc shell, which also served as the anode. A dry battery was invented in Japan during the Meiji era in 1887. Its inventor was Sakizō Yai. However, Yai did not have enough money to patent, so the first battery patent holder in Japan was not Yai, but Takahashi Ichisaburo. Wilhelm Helsen also invented a dry battery and in 1890 obtained US Patent 439,151.
Unlike previous wet batteries, Gessner’s dry battery is more solid, does not require maintenance, does not spill, and can be used in any direction. It provides a potential of 1.5 volts. The first mass-produced model was the Columbia dry battery, first marketed by the National Carbon Company in 1896. NCC improved Gassner’s model by replacing plaster of Paris with corrugated cardboard, an innovation that left more room for the cathode and made battery assembly easier. It was the first battery suitable for the masses and made portable electrical devices practical.
The zinc-carbon cell (as it became known) is still produced today.

Dry battery design

A dry cell uses a pasty electrolyte, which has just enough moisture to allow current to flow. Unlike a wet battery, a dry battery can work in any direction without spillage because it contains no free liquid and is suitable for portable equipment. In comparison, the first wet cells were usually fragile glass containers with lead rods hanging from the top that required careful handling to prevent spillage. Lead-acid batteries did not achieve the safety and portability of the dry cell until the gel battery was developed. Wet cells have continued to be used for high-drainage applications, such as starting internal combustion engines, because inhibiting electrolyte flow reduces current capability.
A typical dry cell is the zinc-carbon cell, sometimes called a dry Leclanché cell, with a nominal voltage of 1.5 V, similar to the alkaline cell (since both use the same zinc-manganese dioxide compound).
A standard dry battery consists of a zinc anode, usually in the form of a cylindrical pot, with a carbon cathode in the form of a central rod. Ammonium chloride electrolyte is in the form of a paste next to the zinc anode. The remaining space between the electrolyte and the carbon cathode is occupied by a second paste consisting of ammonium chloride and manganese dioxide, the latter acting as a depolarizer. In some designs, often marketed as “heavy duty”, the ammonium chloride is replaced with zinc chloride.

Dry battery

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